Annotated bibliography
Introduction
Mass media has shaped the way in how society perceive gender roles. Television has one of the greatest impacts on modern society. By creating a certain type of information or image, the media can manipulate people´s opinions and thoughts. This affects people from all ages, but it start with younger generations. The main cause of gender stereotypes, expectations and low self-appreciation is the portrayal of gender roles in mass media, this problems are present in every part of the world among people from all ages. The purpose of this annotated bibliography is to collect sources and studies that prove the way in how the gender roles in mass media result in inequalities among genders and to determine what are the effects that they produce among people and their perception of each gender.
1.
Collins, R. (2011). Content Analysis of Gender Roles in Media: Where Are We Now and Where
Should We Go?. Sex Roles, 64(3/4), 290-298. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9929-5
Summary
This scholarly article by Rebecca Collins analyzes the content of gender roles in mass media. The author first uses an article published on Sex Roles to analyze it and comment on the quantitative data presented and her opinion. Then as she goes on, she discusses on the roles that women play in mass media. Collins analyzes the places, circumstances, facial expressions and other elements that characterize the way in how women are portrayed. Then, she discusses other ways in how media affect society, like the way they portray race. Finally, she analyzes the ways in how women roles in media have increased over the years and the way in how it could affect or benefit.
Evaluation
The author seems to have a bias towards feminism. It is clear that the purpose of writing this article is not only to inform, but also because she feels identified. We can notice this because she uses ´´we´´ when she is talking about women, therefore, she feels identified with the problems that women face and her analysis is her form of expression. However, all of her arguments are supported by a wide variety of data presented. She uses two rhetorical strategies to convey her message. She establishes ethos by establishing herself as a women that is affected by what she discusses. She established logos by using logical and rational examples as evidence. All her data is supported by a research or researcher. She does not uses pathos because she is not trying to appeal to her audience by emotions. Even though at the end she calls for action, it is not by making her audience feel emotional but by showing them with clear examples the ways in how this affects.
Response
This scholarly article will help me do my research paper because it discusses my main point of how women are affected by the way media portrays them. Collins uses many evidence that support the accuracy of her claim. Therefore, I will conduct my research paper by getting help from another research paper. She discusses many important points that work together to realize the way in how women are portrayed such as: a data analysis from a research, how Women are Under-represented, The Consequences of Under-Representation, and Linking Content to Effect. All these points work as different perspectives that lead to understanding the problem with the female stereotype.
2.
Tortajada, I., Araüna, N., & Martínez, I. J. (2013). Advertising Stereotypes and Gender
Representation in Social Networking Sites. Comunicar, 21(41), 177-186. doi:10.3916/C41-2013-17
Summary
This scholarly article is a research performed by Tortajada, Arauna and Martinez, that deals with the way in how adolescents are shaped by mass media and reflect these ideologies in their social networks. First, the quantitative analysis of the research conducted by the authors about the way in how adolescents present themselves in the Fotolog social network is presented. The authors analyze the results to identify the most common types of self-representation among adolescents and to interpret what they mean, where they come from and the way in how they affect the adolescents. They focus on other gender generalizations such as lesbianism and the way how the female body is portrayed. Also, there is a suggestion or a call to action to avoid these situations. The authors show the importance of media education to avoid the reproduction of these gender stereotypes.
Evaluation
The authors of this scholarly article are Senior Lecturers of the Department of Communication Studies at the Rovira i Vigili University, therefore, they are expert on the field and have the authority to analyze and interpret the meaning of the pictures and results that were provided for the research. There is no bias or any personal opinion reflected on this article. This is just the analysis and interpretation of the results of the research. The arguments are supported by logical and rational evidence. The authors did not only use their research but also used other researches to compare results and find similarities. They also presented examples such as the pictures described in the analysis. There is no rhetorical appeal to the emotions of the audience. There is a call for action in the conclusion to educate teen agers on the perception and use of social media but it is not part of the argument.
Response
This article will be useful for my research because it illustrates how the gender roles in mass media and gender stereotypes affect people since early ages. This research performed by the members of the Rovira I Virgil University deals with a problem that we do not realize. The impact that these stereotypes have in younger generations. My main argument is the differences between gender roles in media and how these differences have an impact in the perception of people towards each gender, in this case teen agers. Therefore, these results work as evidence of the negative effect that the gender roles portrayal in media has on the audience and is the main cause of the reproduction of these gender roles among society and the perception of people towards gender stereotypes.
3.
BERMAN, N., & WHITE, A. (2013). Refusing the stereotype. Youth Studies Australia, 32(4),
38-47.
Summary
The topic of this research is the relationship between the media portrayal of body ideals in the media and the internalization of these ideas among people that result in high levels of dissatisfaction towards their bodies. It discusses the impact that the use of unrealistic, photoshopped and stereotyped images has on young audience´s feelings, self-confidence and self-appreciation. After having results from a research and analyzing them, an argument on the importance of how building a literacy skill towards media is crucial is presented.
Evaluation
The authors of this journal are Naomi Berman and Alexandra White. The purpose of their research is to inform about the danger and the impact that the wrong use of body stereotypes has among young people. It is clear that the authors are against stereotypes, we know this from reading the title ``refusing the stereotype`` and the adjectives used to described imagery, stereotypes and body portrayals have negative connotations such as ‘’negative gender imagery``, ``unrealistic body image`` and ``manipulation of ideals``. Their credibility is established through the use of examples and evidence. Even though they are clearly against the manipulation of body image, their personal opinions are never discussed. They only analyze the results from other research and their own and discuss the impact of the stereotyped media.
Response
This scholarly journal will be useful for my research paper because it discusses the impact that the wrong use of stereotypes has in young people. Not only it discusses the results and the behavior of young people towards stereotypes, but also discusses the opinion of them and the way they feel towards these ideals presented by society. Also, it will be helpful because it is evidence that the problems of gender stereotypes do not only occur in the United States but in every part of the world, in this case Australia. Most important, this research presents solutions and preventions to stop and avoid the continuous creation of gender stereotypes in media.
4.
Costa Pereira, F., Verissimo, J., Castillo Diaz, A., & Correia, R. (2013). Gender Stereotyping,
Sex and Violence in Portuguese and Spanish Advertisement. Comunicação E Sociedade, 23274-292.
Summary
This research is a study conducted by faculty of the University of Lusofona analyses the gender stereotypes, roles, violence and discrimination in advertisement in many different media such as television, internet, and press. The main purpose is to identify how gender stereotypes are portrayed in media in Portugal and Spain. It discusses the continuous use of sex and violence against women in media by brands to increase the possibility of being remembered. The study is a selection of messages in the categories of: foods and non-alcoholic beverages, cars and accessories, restaurants and commercial spaces, financial services and insurance, household products, electronic devices and communications, clothes and alcoholic beverages.
Evaluation
The authors of this scholarly article are professors in social communications, they have experience in the field and the authority to talk about the topic. Their research is divided into four sections: one about the theoretical Background, the method used in the research, the results and the conclusions. This study is the result of several others studies such as those of Neto and Pinto (1998), Furnham and Mak (1999), VallsFerandez and Martinez-Vicente (2007), Ahlstrand (2007), and Pereira and Verissimo (2005, 2008). Basically, they start off from the arguments and results from pasts studies to prove if gender stereotypes behaves the same way in today´s era as before. Their research was made with the use of 245 messages from different forms of media.
Response
This study will be useful because one of its main points is to show that corporations use violence against women and erotization of the woman´s body as a strategy to be remembered by the audience. The authors discuss many points similar to my arguments such as: Men are chosen predominantly for television ads and Men are portrayed in outdoor social activities, or in professional activities, while women are portrayed in more dependent roles, as mothers, wives, housewives playing out household chores. Their wide range of information works as a credible source of information and a perspective of this situations in other parts of the world.
5.
Popova, L., Linz, D., Rudy, R. (2010). The Context of Current Content Analysis of Gender
Roles: An Introduction to a Special Issue. Retrieved from http://0-ejournals.ebsco.com.lib.utep.edu/Direct.asp?AccessToken=5W9W64FTRNRJQVQ9WQN969VSUVFRTRJQRR&Show=Object
Summary
This scholarly article provides a context for the quantitative data drawn from analysis of gender roles. The study is divided into four phases. First, there is historical analysis on the use of content analysis methodology. Then, identify common objectives of analysis of gender roles such as to support feminist claims, to compare media with real life, and to predict effects on audiences. After that past studies are analyzed and the results are classified into categories such as time, genre and medium. Finally, the most salient results from each study is outlined.
Evaluation
This study is an analysis of the context of other studies. The authors do not support any argument or make any claim because they are not on any side, their main purpose is to identify the meaning behind earlier studies. The systematic approach is a content analysis, which is methodology to systematically identify specific elements such as the purpose, causes and effects of a message. The information analyzed is from other scholarly articles or studies performed by universities. The information is trustworthy and is clearly presented through tables and images in order to be understood by the audience.
Response
The content analysis of gender roles is helpful for my research paper because it does not presents an argument. All the information presented in this study is completely arbitrary, it does not support any side and provides information from a different perspective. The study analyzes many useful studies that drawn helpful information that is presented in tables and graphics that make the process of comprehension easier. This study will also help me to understand the process and methodology of the analysis in other studies. This study discusses an issue published in Sex Roles that is similar to other of my sources and I will be better informed about that specific study.
6.
Wolska, Malgorzata. (2011). Gender stereotypes in mass media. Case study: Analysis of the
gender stereotyping phenomenon in TV commercials. Retrieved from http://krytyka.org/gender-stereotypes-in-mass-media-case-study-analysis-of-the-gender-stereotyping-phenomenon-in-tv-commercials/
Summary
This website presents an argument on how the gender roles in mass media affect women. The systematic approach consists of first defining what a stereotype is and give examples of past and present stereotypes. Then, the author discusses the gender roles in society. After that, she begins her argument on the gender stereotypes in commercials with the use of examples from modern commercials. The negative effects on men and women are analyzed and she ends up with suggestions of how to stop this problem.
Evaluation
This article is on an organization blog. It is noticeable that the author is a feminist and since it is a blog, she freely presents her personal opinion and backs it up with evidence from commercials that are shown every day in television. She does not include any quantitative or specific examples. Her examples are vague and generic but valid enough to understand her argument and be convinced.
Response
This website is helpful because it talks about the differences in gender roles as a whole. The argument of this article is the exact same argument of my research paper. It discusses the way in how society has shaped the stereotypes and expectations towards each gender, the roles that men and women have played throughout the history and the present situation. It discusses the specific roles that men play in commercials and gives examples. It compares the differences between these roles and the ones where women are portrayed and the negative effect that these expectations may have in the audience.
7.
United Nations. (1995). The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. Retrieved
from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/media.htm
Summary
This website provides information on the relationship between women and media. It presents the arguments from the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. It shows the disadvantages or inequalities that women face in today’s society such that more women are involved in careers in the communications sector, but few have attained positions at the decision-making level or serve on governing boards and bodies that influence media policy. Also, it presents with actions that can be taken to assure equality among genders.
Evaluation
This information is taken from the United Nations Fourth World Conference, it is obvious that it has a bias towards feminism and the defense of women equality in media. It does not discusses the way in how men are affected by media, only the struggle that women face with the stereotype and gender role portrayed in commercials. It is clear that their main purpose is not to inform on these differences, but to call for actions that can be taken to stop and avoid the differences and inequalities among gender roles.
Response
This website is helpful because it discusses action that can be taken by many different organizations such as government, corporations and citizens. This specific actions for each group of people gives the audience an idea or perspective of the difference that every action could make. Also, it is easier to identify who is responsible for each aspect of the inequalities among gender roles. I will be able to identify the way in how every person or organization contribute towards stereotypes and the difference each would make if they changed.
8.
Adichie, Chimamanda. (2014). We Should All Be Feminists. TEDxEuston. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hg3umXU_qWc
Summary
In her speech Adichie tells about personal experiences that led her to the realization that she was a feminist person. She uses personal examples from situations while growing up in Nigeria where she has suffered discrimination or has been treated unequal just because of her gender. Adichie calls for action to avoid the inequality among genders. She also explains the true definition of feminism and the cause of the wrong ideas of it.
Evaluation
She presents herself as a feminist and obviously has a bias towards the inequality that women suffer. She does not uses quantitative or rational examples, but rather personal experiences that appeal towards the feeling of the audience when they realize how difficult or unfair they must have been. She does not attack men or any specific group as the main cause of this inequality. She recognizes that society as a whole must change if equality is to be achieved.
Response
This speech by Adichie is important because it provides examples of these differences among gender roles from a personal point of view. The examples here are not general but more specific. Her way of telling the stories help for the understanding of the problem that women face every day. This will be helpful because I will be able to see the situations discussed in my research not from another research or study but from a person that explains how it feels and how it affects her.